Correction

3) Determining KFe (Gly)2+
A/ab = c  (.283 from solution 8)/ ((4545.45 mol-1 cm-1)*(1.1cm)) = 5.66x10-5 M
Therefore, x = 5.66x10-5 M = [Fe(SCN)2+]eq
Fe3+ SCN- FeSCN2+
I .0016 M .00032 M 0
C -X -X X
E (.0016 M – X) (.00032 M – X) (5.66X10-5 M)

Using equation 19.11: [SCN-]eq = CSCN – (A/ab) = (.00032 M – 5.66X10-5M) = 2.634x10-4 M
Using equation 19.12: [Fe3+]eq = [Fe(SCN)2+]eq / ( KFe(SCN)2+ * [SCN-]eq ) which equals
(5.66x10-5 M) /( (100)* (2.634x10-4 M) ) = .00214 M
Using equation 19.13: [Fe(Gly)2+]eq = Cm – [Fe(SCN)2+]eq – [Fe3+]eq which equals
(.0016 M) – (5.66x10-5 M) – (.00214 M) = 5.966x10-4 M
Using equation 19.14: [Gly-]eq = Cgly – [Fe(Gly)2+]eq = (.00032 M) – (5.966x10-4 M) = -2.766x10-4 M
Using equation 19.15: KFe(Gly)2+ = [Fe(Gly)2+]eq / ([Fe3+]eq * [Gly-]eq) which equals
(5.966x10-4 M) / ( (.00214 M)*(-2.766x10-4 M) = -1007.90

I still end up with a negative value, which resulted from equation 19.14, where at equilibrium, we had a bigger value for [Fe(Gly)2+]eq, compared to the Cgly (initial concentration of glycine). This could have resulted due to the fact that we had miscalculated the amount of glycine we measured into the solution, and we could have also misread the absorbance for the solution, which could have set the following equations that depended on the [FeSCN2+] to be wrong.


Sorry about this again. I really hope you understand. 

-Laayla M.T.

Classes.

Classes I've taken:

ANTHRO 104 Survey of World Societies
ANTHRO 104 Survey of World Societies (repeat)
BIO SCI 150 Foundations-Biological Sci I
BIO SCI 152 Foundations-Biological Sci II Spring 200
BIO SCI 202 Anatomy and Physiology I
BIO SCI 203 Anatomy and Physiology II
BIO SCI 315 Cell Biology
CHEM 100 Chemical Science
CHEM 100 Chemical Science (repeat)
CHEM 102 General Chemistry
CHEM 104 Gen Chem & Qualitativ Analysis + lab
ENGLISH 201 Strategies-Academic Writing
ENGLISH 233 Intro to Creative Writing
HCA 101 Intro to Health & Disease
HCA 222 Language of Medicine
HIST 229 Hist Race/Sci/Medcn in U.S
HIST 242 Wmn/Gendr Europe: 1750-Present
HONORS 200 Hon Sem-Shaping Modern Mind (Shakespeare & Human Character)
MATH 105 Intermediate Algebra
MATH 211 Survey-Calc/Analytic Geometry
MTHSTAT 215 Elemntary Statistical Analysis
PHILOS 241 Introductory Ethics
PHYSICS 120 General Physics I (Non-Calc)
PSYCH 101 Introduction to Psychology



U of H:
BIO SCI 325 Genetics
CHEM 343 Organic Chemistry
POLS 1336 - American Government I
HIST 1337 - U.S. History until 1700


Future Classes:


BIO SCI 203 Anatomy and Physiology II (repeat)
BIO SCI 310 General Ecology
BIO SCI 316 Lab in Genetics & Cell Biology
BIO SCI 490 Molecular Genetics
CHEM 343 Organic Chemistry
CHEM 344 Organic Chemistry Laboratory
CHEM 345 Organic Chemistry
COMMUN 103 Public Speaking
HMS 211 First Aid and C.P.R.
HONORS 310 Intro Clinical Medicine-Premed
HONORS 686 Research in Honors
PHYSICS 121 Gen Physics Lab I (Non-Calc)
PHYSICS 122 General Physics II (Non-Calc)
PHYSICS 123 Gen Physics Lab II (Non-Calc)
PHYSICS 305 Medical Physics
PSYCH 260 Child Psychology

Napolean Chagnon

Napoleon Chagnon accomplished ethno self analysis by not only analyzing the Yanomamö, but also himself in order to gain a better understanding of their lifestyles. Chagnon was “living among the Yanomamö to systematically collect certain kinds of information on genealogy, reproduction, marriage practices, kinship, settlement patterns, migrations, and politics” (Chagnon 1992). He used ethno self analysis during his cultural adjustment to notice the differences in his actions and the actions of the Yanomamö. At first, Chagnon was shocked at how the Yanomamö lacked sanitization as he remarked, “'Even the missionaries are filthy” (Chagnon 1992). But later on Chagnon realizes that because of the current condition of the region, it is impossible to stay clean. He states, “It is difficult to blow your nose gracefully when you are stark naked and the invention of hankerschiefs is millenia away” (Chagnon 1992). Chagnon constantly notices his own struggles, an important aspect of ethno self analysis. He considered it “appalling how complicated it can be to make oatmeal in the jungle" (Chagnon 1992). Like Chagnon, ethnographers can use self analysis to find the reasons behind the actions to construct a more elaborate and in-depth conclusion about their subjects.
At first, Chagnon was disappointed because he had expected to work his way “into their moral system of kinship and become a member of their society-to be 'accepted' by them” (Chagnon 1992). When Chagnon saw the Yanomamö, he felt helpless and pathetic, a reaction he changed as he finally adjusted to the Yanomamö community. Towards the end of his experience he states, “I was timid and mohode ("stupid") and a little afraid of them” (Chagnon 1992). This change in perspectives reveals that Chagnon used ethno self analysis by comparing his initial and final reactions towards the Yanomamö to create substantial findings. Ethnographers should risk a few attempts at ethno self analysis because it helps them recognize the differences and similarities between their actions and the actions of the unfamiliar people. Such realization can help discover the root and the actual reasons of why the unfamiliar people act the way they do. It is only then when ethnographers can begin to understand the culture with an experienced perspective.


Chagnon, Napoleon. Yanomamö. 1992. Edition 4. Harcourt Brace Jovanvich.:10-19.




Laayla Muhammad

Authenticity

Determining whether something is authentic can be extremely difficult due to its multiple definitions. Authenticity to the original varies in levels which depend on the similarities to the original style. In this scenerio, the term original refers to "that from which a copy, reproduction, or translation is made, meaning something done firsthand" (Original 2009). For example when dealing with lyrics, "stripping away sound and staging, like so much husk, one can finally arrive at the kernel of authenticity that lies inside" (Washabaugh 2009). The more similar a song is to the original, the more it is authentic to the original. Therefore, when a song is less similar to the original, the song's authenticity is stronger to its own.

It becomes extremely important to determine the level of authenticity, especially as original cultural practices experience a greater risk of extinction. The greater the alteration, the probability of the original diminishing altogether increases as well. The authenticity of a song, a food item or a dance performance gives the individuals "authentic to the style" the right to claim it their own. A writer who writes the original lyrics to a song owns its most authentic form. A style of flamenco music that is 100% authentic to the original belongs to the group of people who created it. By defining authenticity in such a way, we can conclude that all the performance clips of Flamenco are authentic to the original to an extent. The clips that are less similar to the original performances of Flamenco are more authentic to their own style.


ORIGINAL. (2009). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.

Washabaugh, William. Flamenco Nation. 2009. Chapter Two: The Style.

Anthropologie

Walking into the store, I realize that the store really fits its name “Anthropologie.” The look is cozy and natural, when compared to high tech and modern stores you’d find at the mall. The strong scented candles fill the room built with wooden floors that reminded me of a cabin or an antique store. The place contains everyday useful products like beds, couches, chairs, pillows and rooms décor. The designs on the clocks are beautiful and very detailed. In fact, the most important characteristic of the store is how it’s embedded with details. The designs and patterns on clothes provide a fashion statement of an earthly feeling. If you look back in time, the smallest details on buildings, statues, royal robes, and furniture revealed value and gained admiration. I see the fine details throughout the stores, especially in rugs and scarves that were sewn with colorful threads and unique designs. The bags and boots give an old south western look with leather and suede straps, not to mention the wide range of colored beads. The word “anthropology” refers to people all around the world and a store named after it should reflect just that. I do realize that the store only had women’s clothes and not men’s. Anthropologie is the right term for the store, but it’s lacking men’s product. Maybe the name should have included the term “women” or some reference to the womanly/feminine products in the store. Besides that, a store depicting a stylish, natural and earthly look that most women can relate to breathes Anthropology.

Physics.

p = m/v where m is mass and v is volume and p is density.
buoyant force = weight of fluid = mg = (pv) g where v is volume inside the fluid and p is the density of fluid

Fb is due to the water, drawn opposite direction of mg. Fb = p water multiplied with V block * g


10 = mg - (1000kg/mcubed) (1x10^-3 mcubed) * g

10 = mg- lg where g is 10

20 = mg so m ---> kg

scale reading = (mg-Fb)

p fluid = 2 kg / 2/3 X 10 ^ -3 m^3 = 3x10^3 kg/m^3



Chapter 16/17

A wave is a disturbance that propagates from one place to another. The easiest type of wave to visualize is a transverse wave, where the displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the wave.

In a longitudinal wave, the displacement is along the direction of wave motion.

ANY traveling wave, wave speed is where v = wavelength / T

V = wavelength * frequency

frequency = 1/t (time)


The speed at which the wave moves depends on how quickly one particle of the string is accelerated upward in response to the net pulling force.

V = square root of (F divided by m/L)


Describing harmonic wave function: since the wave has the same pattern at x + wavelength, as it does at x, the wave must be of the form:

y(x) = A cos ((2pie/wavelength) * X)

ALSO, as the wave propagates in time the peak moves as, x = wavelength (t/T)

Anti-Evil?

Can we provide enough justification for our actions where we can convince the world that we have pure intentions. Pure good that is. Can we convince everyone that we are anti-evil?

Water Crisis. When are we going to do something?

Water Crisis

No Clean Water!

Results from a recent study of current living conditions throughout Africa report that more than one billion people do not have enough clean water to provide for their basic human needs. As a result, more than 2,500 children are dying each day.

"When people are desperately thirsty," one official explained, "they are willing to take the risk of disease by consuming water that may not be healthy. For them - it's either risk infection or die from thirst! It is a horrible position to be in."

Unsafe drinking water can carry diseases such as malaria, trypanosomiasis, intestinal worm infections, dengue, and schistosomiasis - as well as bacteria that can lead to deadly diarrheal infections. "In some areas," the report continued, "the level of suffering and misery owing to the inadequacy of clean water is almost beyond comprehension judging by the number of pregnant women and children who suffer from deadly diarrheal diseases such as cholera and dysentery.

"These parasites and diseases feed on very young children and the elderly," explains Fr. Richard Roy. Fr. Roy is the director of the Missionaries of Africa's development office in Washington, DC. "They are the innocent and silent members of society... they have no one to be a voice for them."

"Entire villages and communities are being wiped out by diseases that are living in dirty water," Fr. Roy continued. "Children are dying in huge numbers! For many people, these numbers are so big that they cannot begin to comprehend them - they are statistics! But imagine your own child dying . . . and then imagine if it happened to every child in your neighborhood school! That's when we start to understand how horrible the crisis is! These poor people desperately need our help!" The Missionaries of Africa are currently accepting contributions that will be used to provide safe drinking water for men, women and children in Africa's neediest regions. All donations are tax-deductible.
Drought!

Devastating drought is once again threatening the lives of African men, women and children. In the months ahead, as many as 14 million people will be at risk of starvation and malnutrition.

"Vegetation has decreased drastically," a study on the current conditions within the African continent recently stated. "The eastern side of the continent on the Horn of Africa is being affected more substantially than others. In this region, the rainy season occurs between February and June. Much less rain has fallen than normal this year, so their staple crops of corn and sorghum simply withered. Poor harvests over the past three years have worn away food surpluses and incomes in the region. As many as 14 million people may be at risk of malnutrition or starvation." The study stated that as much as 270,000 metric tons of food assistance will be needed immediately . . . but only 120,000 metric tons is currently available.

"Food shortages are particularly severe in eastern and southern Ethiopia," another report explained, "where deaths from starvation are being increasingly reported. Sudan and Uganda are also being affected."

"We are seeing an entire continent of people experience suffering like never before!" explains Fr. Richard Roy who served in Africa as a missionary for more than 20 years before being assigned to head the organization's development office in Washington, DC. "With a drought of this magnitude -- the land, the animals, the people -- everything is dying! If we don't reach out - we could see the end of entire villages, regions . . . even cities. An enormous amount of food, water and medicine is needed. I am praying that our benefactors will help us get supplies to our missionaries in the field . . . so that they can reach those who are on the verge of dying!

Source: Missionaries of Africa
Link: http://www.missionariesofafrica.org/challenges/water1.html

Why this world contradicts love

Copyrighted: Luke Ringlein
Link: "http://www.ratnation.com/contributors/lukeringlein/comics/whyihateyou/whu_05.shtml#view"

Time

Griming at the worst chance anyone gets, we need to come up with a plan. A century won't be enough. We need more time. Until then, we remain in the dark.

Dreaming.

We pinch ourselves until we know we are not dreaming. But what do we know? Maybe we have came out of a dream but are still in one. Maybe we were sleeping in our dream. Dreaming in our dream. Dreaming in our dream that we dream when we sleep. When we're awake, we still float. We float as if we were too busy trying to wake up. Trying to see if this world is a place we belong in. But the truth is, we already know. We know it isn't.

We act out of fear and we act out of boredom. What is better? You decide. As for me, I act out of confusion. I can't stand there and think forever so I act because I need to. It's not that I fear what will happen if I don't. But I get myself to do something... anything.. as long as it's happening. As long as I'm moving and things are coming up. News is being made. New updates. New effects. As things are progressing. Does it all have to be an improvement? I can only wish. Does it have to be an enhancement? I can only hope. But as long as it's all rotating... circling... being discovered.. being explored.. that's all that matters. The rest, I'll figure it out.

Death

Can you wish death upon yourself? Or is that wrong too? Is it completely wrong to be right? I sit here trying to build myself to the strength that I do not have. Am I wrong? Or is that right? Or am I right because it's wrong?

Confusion

It exists within me. It exists within us. It exists in every assurance, in every confident soul. It leads us to question who we are, who you are, what this world is, and why we're here. It paralyzes us to the extent that we become dependent on it. We become hateful towards anything that could confuse us more. And it's a never ending cycle. A never ending path of confusion that we avoid by taking one. Will it ever end? Well, how could it? Confusion gives birth to confusion. Confusion is grown into a disaster. A wrathful circle of misunderstandings. You're a victim of it. I'm a victim of it. It's a victim of it.

Insane

Not a second of it goes by. Not a moment is gone. Not a breath is wasted. Not a sight is hidden. Everything is drenched in nothingness. I am not lost. I have seen the light and I remain in the brightness hoping that my words can give birth. I am dead but I hope to live.

Surround me with yourself

I need it. IT being you. You're not an it though. You're my fantasy. Can it be a fantasy? Can a fantasy be an it? Can I be a fantasy? Can I be yours tonight? Can I shower myself in you? Can I shower you with me? A fantasy?

Explain to me.

I must be not be embedded. I must be not placed in properly.. or squeezed in properly. I do not fit. I am an outcast and you made me this way. I am a square within a circle. My corners are out there, in the cold, in the dark, in the shadows. They are uncovered and there's no more of you to take over. To seize. And this must mean only one thing, part of me is lonely. No matter what you do, I will be lonely. I will be unhappy. I won't ever become you. Never completely that is. And am I happy about this? Perhaps... because I will always have those corners free and I will always have some sort of attachment to the lonely world out there. You won't be able to invade me to the full extent and as much as I may want it at times, I need to be thankful for it. Thankful that my corners can breathe and can stand on their own. I may be not satisfied because I may feel unfinished but at least, I'll be completely not fully dependent. You catch what I'm saying? Can you catch anything? You caught me, partially. Can you make sure you catch what I'm saying fully though? It's something important, unlike me. This is a lot bigger than you. A lot bigger than me. This is us.

Solving for X.

You're a force. A force of negative and positive vibes. Which vibe pierces my mind? Which one pierces my heart? An unknown answer. Factor X, but you can't factor X. Remember that. You can't factor an unknown. You can't divide it. You can't produce more of it. You can't be it. You can't do anything with it, until you find what it is. And that's what the problem is. I don't even know who you are. You're an unknown. You're my X. I can spend time and solve for you. I could live for you. I could live solving for you. I could do all that, but what about me? I'm the known. I get taken advantage of. I get pushed side to side. Left to right. Right to left. I get used to solve for you. It's all about you at the end. You get to steal the spotlight. You get to stay so still. You can't be disturbed. You can't be moved. You can't be explored, not until I can discover you. You're uncharted. You're hidden. Ironic because in your shadow, I'm the one hiding. It's the only way I can express myself. Being captivated under your breath. Being the hostage of your anger. Being the target for your hate. I'm out there. Everyone sees me. I get attacked. I'm known. Not X you see. I'm known and that's why I am judged. I am told just how useless I am. But you see. I don't find myself useless because without me, no one would be there to discover you. No one would be able to touch you. No one would come near you. You'd be impossible to crack. Impossible to be what you are because no one would even try. I'm your only hope. You need me to be you. You need me to be solved. Without me, you'd be factor X forever without having the ability to be factored out. You'd be an unsolved equation and not because you'd be too hard to figure out. But because you'd be IMPOSSIBLE. You wouldn't even exist as valid. I give you your fucking validity. Without me, you might as well not exist. So you see. The known is needed. The known is essential your existence as the unknown. Don't you forget it either because the second you do... you'd cease to be.

Hypocrisy

I can't stand it. I won't stand it. If you involve yourself in hypocrisy, please un-involve me in your profile. I can't face those who indulge in something they can't escape from. It's something rooted down in their blood. They are made of it and I refuse to let myself become anything like them. They see nothing, but what they want to see. They don't let people tell them the truth, because they have their own. They may have their justifications, but what does that have to do with me? How can they justify the way they treat me? What did I do to be the victim of their hypocrisy? Their lies are invading their lives. My life. Everyone around them. They become what they despise and they are forcing me to become more like them. They are telling me. Commanding me. Demanding that I must do what they say because if I didn't, I'm a hypocrite. That I am what I despise. No. I will be what I despise if I become like YOU. That's the truth. You're hatred. And I want love.

So leave me alone. Let me be. Don't let me associate myself with you. I never wanted to either. I was doing you a favor. You are a hypocrite and I can't be with you. I can't let you take over. Not again. You did it often and I was too naive and I let it happen. But now I am my own individual. I get to choose. I did get to choose before but the decision wasn't mine. This time it will be. I promise you, not that my promises matter because your lies prevent you from trusting anyone. I don't trust you either though. You're ready to erupt, and you ask for sympathy. I can't give any. You've taken it all. Now leave me alone. I am not asking. I am telling you. Let me speak my mind. Let me say what I want to. Let me swim in the truth. Let me bake it so it can seep into my pores. I want to sweat the truth. I want to be covered in it. I want to be known for it. I want to be associated with the truth and that way I won't ever be associated with YOU. You've become your nightmare. You've become our nightmare. I'm sorry. I am. I wish it wasn't so, but it is and I can't stand you when you are this way.

Act 3

Act 3 was pretty interesting to read overall. I found many parts/conversations to be hilarious/interesting, so I'm briefly going to list and explain them.

This part wasn't "interesting" but was actually just weird. (Scene 2) This is when Touchstone and Corin were talking and Touchstone was being the witty guy that he is. I thought it was extremely weird yet funny when Touchstone says how Corin's committing a crime by forcing the ewes and rams to "copulate" with one another. Hahaha. I was like "what the..?!!" That was so random to me. Really.

I found this quote to be really interesting as well. It's line 104 in scene 2. It's when Touchstone says, "Truly, the tree yields bad fruit." I don't know why but I found it to be funny because Rosalind goes "fool I found them on the tree!" But to be honest, right after (starting at line 105).. I have no idea what the heck is being said. What's this talk about a medler and ripeness and death? Is she threatening to kill him before it's his time to die?

The most interesting part in Act 3 was when Rosalind and Celia were going back and forth towards the end of scene 2. Rosalind was insulting the quality of the poems and the next thing she knows, it's Orlando who wrote them. The way Celia was responding back to Rosalind's "love lines" was just hilarious to read. She's clearly jealous and finds it absurd that Rosalind is able to love someone so quickly. When Celia makes a comment like calling Orlando a "wounded knight" laying under the tree, Rosalind answers by saying, "it well becomes the ground." It's just crazy how Celia keeps trying to put Orlando down yet Rosalind is turning such insults into compliments. This reminds me of when we were discussing how Celia might be jealous of Orlando and someone suggested (I forgot who, sorry) that Rosalind might be talking on and on about Orlando just to kind of give Celia the hint that she isn't interested in her. I also found it funny when Orlando and Jaques were going back and forth with insults. I guess I just enjoy conversations where the characters are making witty and harsh comments towards one another.

I have a question about lines 276-278 at the very end of scene 2. What is exactly being said here???

Uhm let's see..what else. Oh yes.. I think it was quite funny when Touchstone made a witty comment about marriage (lines 72-75) in scene 3. I'm sure everyone notices these kind of jokes still going around in the society today. I guess it never gets old.
And one last part in (scene 5)... that I found to be very interesting was when Rosalind (as Ganymede) came out of no where and started making BRUTAL comments towards Phoebe. I couldn't believe what I was reading. She kept insulting her looks and telling her not to fall in love with "him." There's this common notion that in relationships, "good" girls/guys always go for the "assholes" Pardon my language. But it's so true!! We kind of see it in this scene. Silvius likes Phoebe, who clearly hates his guts. When Ganymede insults Phoebe and scorns her, she's offended yet she starts asking Silvius about him. She tells Silvius it's not because she likes him but I mean what the heck is up with her when she says, "Dead shepherd, now I find thy saw of might:
“Who ever loved that loved not at first sight?” - Is that supposed to mean something because she didn't follow up on that thought as Silvius interrupted her.

Okay, I've typed too much. BYE!

Utilitarian & Kantian Analysis

Laayla Muhammad

Ethics – Philo 241
Utilitarian & Kantian Analysis

The morally right action to take in everyday life experiences can be determined using various methods such as Utilitarian and Kantian analysis. Each of these methods help one arrive at a predicament in how to act accordingly to given situations. In this case, Tip and Top, both detectives, are dealing with a situation where they are thinking of acting a certain way but aren’t sure if it will provide the most utility at the end. They wish to get Zip, a dangerous criminal off the street; because they are convinced he is guilty. The only problem is that if they follow the legal rules they are to follow and provide Zip with a lawyer, they will not get a conviction out of him and therefore, will lose the case. Zip will be back on the street and will be selling drugs to children once again. Coercing a confession seems like a right decision, but also a wrong thing to do. Using Utilitarian and Kantian analysis, Tip and Top can arrive at a solution that produces the most utility.
The utilitarian analysis consists of one considering all the options one has and also acknowledging the consequences for all the choices. Each consequence helps determine the utility and the probability, which helps the person make the right decision at the end. Tip and Top’s options in this situation consists of summoning a lawyer and not coercing a confession, or not summoning a lawyer and coercing a confession. If Tip and Top decide to summon a lawyer, the consequences of that action will be either that Zip is back on the streets or that Zip is still found guilty. Not summoning up a lawyer will result in either locking up Zip in prison or getting caught if Zip does end up making a report about such harassment. Every consequence produces a certain amount of utility, but the main component lies in the probability of those consequences ever taking place. When summoning a lawyer, the utility of Zip being back on the streets is low while the probability of that happening is near certainty. In contrast, if Zip is still found guilty, the utility would be higher than high because they did the “right thing” and were able to get what they wanted, yet the probability of this consequence is lower than low. When not summoning a lawyer for Zip, the consequence of locking up Zip and the drug ring has high amount of utility and probability while Zip reporting them to another authority produces a low utility and has low probability. Therefore, according to the Utilitarianism analysis, the right thing to do would be to not summon up a lawyer and most likely, Zip will be locked up and the drug ring will finally end.
The Kantian Analysis helps one execute the right decision through the categorical imperative procedure, known as the CI procedure. It consists of certain steps that one needs to take in order to get to arrive at a solution. Tip and Top will need to create a maxim and fill out the form, “I am to do x in circumstances y in order to promote z.” In this case, they are to refuse the request to summon a lawyer and coerce a confession in circumstances that it will enable them to get a dangerous criminal off the street and break up a drug ring, in order to promote the goal of decreasing violence and drug abuse in society. Next step involves generalizing the maxim so that everyone is to do x in circumstances y in order to promote z. In this case, everyone is to refuse the request to summon a lawyer and coerce a confession in circumstances that it will enable them to get a dangerous criminal off the street and break up a drug ring, in order to promote the goal of decreasing violence and drug abuse in society. Third step states that the maxim should be transformed into a law of nature so everyone always does x in circumstances y in order to promote Z. Therefore, everyone should refuse the request to summon a lawyer and coerce a confession in circumstances that it will enable them to get a dangerous criminal off the street and break up a drug ring, in order to promote the goal of decreasing violence and drug abuse in society. The next step involves figuring out the perturbed social world in where one asks himself the question, “what would the world be like with the new law of nature?” In this step, the new law is common knowledge. In this case, if everyone knew that detectives would not summon a lawyer and instead would coerce a confession in circumstances that it will enable them to get a dangerous criminal off the street and break up a drug ring, in order to promote decreasing of violence and drug abuse, they would not even have lawyers to begin with and innocent people would be found guilty regardless of any evidence. One of the two main questions to ask afterwards is, “Could I rationally act on my maxim in the PSW?” This is where Tip and Top would consider that in the PSW, refusing to summon up a lawyer and coercing a confession in circumstances where it will enable them to get a criminal off the street and break up a drug ring will be effective in order to decrease violence and drug abuse in society. If effective, they should move on to the next consideration in which they should ask themselves, “Could I rationally choose to live in the PSW?” The answer to this would be “no” because Tip and Top would not choose to live in a world where they could be innocent and yet would be forced into confessing something they haven’t done without any legal help from their lawyer because if they did so, it would not be rational.