Chapter 4 Outline - Not complete....

Chapter 4 outline: Role of Foundation Support

Scientists viewed as individuals with massive talents in order to receive financial banking
• Nonscientists impressed even though they didn’t comprehend yet thought science = knowledge and power


Blacks did not benefit: Only white universities provided the extensive education and right training
- Accepted on exceptional cases; not able to find jobs if given chance; led to just work as teachers in a black university
- Philanthropic establishments didn’t even want think black colleges deserved to receive any support because the training they provide for scientists and the high quality research they provide isn’t a good investment

**With hardly any support, it became hard for blacks to pursue careers in the scientific field


Howard University; not set up for blacks alone; opened door to 4 white girls as well
- Purpose: All races, classes, conditions, and nationalities” – term refer cosmopolitan
- Not achieved; whites dropped
- Poor institution; 1st funds were from Bureau of Refugees (freedman and abandoned lands set up by congress after the civil war to aid free slaves)
- 1873: nation crippled financially and funds stopped
- White staff with black service; first 12 presidents = northerners connected to churches
- Black intelligent men/respected professors trained at white colleges yet worked at black institutions; Howard comes into play because it was still growing in numerous ways
- “Howard Univ. for Maintenance” – Congress gave 10,000/100,000 debt – small gift increased every year

***Wilbur P. Thirkield: New Building in 1909; recruit scientists; school for blacks migrating to cities; Just entered in time!

1. 1910: Flexnor Report: Howard and Meharry respected; helped with grants
2. World Leaders of government/education made speeches on Howard’s behalf
3. Just wanted to find funds partly out of selfish reasons; salary/summer research

WWI:
Howard = best place for recruits and commissioned officers
Just: did not want to take orders from white officers or less educated men; war horrified him; increased his teachings in electrocardiography to avoid war

Durkee presidency: gave just a knuckle-rapping for not attending morning prayers; not sympathetic to the scientific development

Charity confused with Philanthropy; Just founded funds